![\"Inkling](\"https://huggingface.co/buckets/huggingface/inkling-blog-assets/resolve/relative_attention.png\")
\n\nInkling now comes in smaller size 🤗 Inkling-Small is out by Thinking Machines Lab. We have updated this post with performance, and deployment configurations for the Inkling-Small and the Inkling-Small-NVFP4 variants. Here’s the collection with all the Inkling models. We made it easier for you to deploy Inkling-Small with one-click on Inference Endpoints (getting up to 160 TPS). We also ship a real-time voice and image demo where you can interact with the model.
\n
Inkling is a large (1T params!) open model to natively accept image, text, and audio inputs.
\nTLDR; Inkling by Thinking Machines is out on Hugging Face. Inkling is a huge multimodal LLM that understands all modalities (image, audio, text), has agentic capabilities, and supports 1M context. It comes in full BF16 and a well-calibrated NVFP4 variant, and includes speculative MTP layers for faster inference. There’s day-0 support in transformers, SGLang, vLLM, and llama.cpp. Thinking Machine Labs also released Inkling-Small with 276B total and 12B active parameters, as well as support for MXFP8 and NVFP4 weights, with the same architecture as Inkling.
\nInkling is the first large open model with ~1T parameters and 1M context window to natively receive image, text, and audio inputs, trained on 45 trillion tokens of text, images, audio and video. It’s focused on reasoning across modalities such as audio, images, and text; and is intended for domain adaptation via fine-tuning. We’ve tinkered with this model to build some demos and explore the architecture, and we think it’s great for building a new wave of multimodal reasoning apps.
\nInkling is a decoder-only multimodal Mixture-of-Experts model with 975B total and 41B active parameters. There are a lot of things going on, so let’s break each part down:
\nHere’s a quick glance of the architecture.
\nRelative attention: Instead of RoPE, which is the usual method to inject positional information in transformers models, Inkling uses relative attention to encode position information. Each attention layer learns position directly in the attention logits. Aside from key-query-values, there's a fourth projection producing a per-token, per-head relative feature R. This projection tensor is then tweaked with distance information (distance between the key and the query vector) and propagated into the attention module.
\n
Hybrid attention: The decoder layers alternate between global attention (attending to the full context length at once) and sliding window attention (attending to a fixed context window in a sliding fashion). The architecture has a pattern of 5:1 sliding window to global attention layers. This hybrid attention scheme provides efficiency in computation. The final layer uses global attention to help build feature-rich representations.
\nShort convolution: The model uses a distinctive short 1D convolution, or SConv over the hidden states. SConv reads the current token and the previous W-1 hidden states, with W being the sliding window size. The intuition here is that SConv helps with local attention while freeing the attention and MoE modules from local representations.
![\"Inkling](\"https://huggingface.co/buckets/huggingface/inkling-blog-assets/resolve/sconv.png\")
MoE with shared experts sink: In Inkling, the router scores both routed experts and shared experts. Top-k selection is performed over 6 experts, plus 2 shared experts always active.
\nVision understanding: The model includes a simple hierarchical MLP patchifier consisting of several linear layers. Each layer merges pixels progressively, until the final layer produces one embedding per patch.
\nAudio understanding: The architecture employs a discretized mel spectrogram, where each of the audio chunks (of 100 ms) are converted to the mel scale and then classified into the exact mel spectrogram bin.
\nThe multimodal towers are relatively simple modules, unlike other models that employ separate encoders for each modality. Each image patch passes through the image embedding tower and the audio chunk is passed through the audio embedding tower to get both media embeddings. Image inputs also include an additional temporal dimension for video processing. We expect this capability to be useful for downstream fine-tuning, but we haven’t evaluated out-of-the-box video performance. The tower folds the patch grid, a small local block of neighboring tokens is stacked into the channel dimension and goes through hMLP. The audio waveform is converted to mel scale, which is then classified into a discrete mel bin. These mel bin values are embedded in the audio embedding tower and the embeddings are then summed to construct the final audio input.
\nInkling comes with day-0 transformers support and is supported in major inference engines like SGLang and vLLM.
\nThis model is huge. The bf16 checkpoint requires 2 TB of VRAM, while the nvfp4 version requires 600 GB of VRAM. You can try the model through serverless inference routers like Inference Providers, or use ggml quants for local deployment with llama.cpp.
\nThe easiest way to infer with transformers directly is to use the any-to-any pipeline. You can use either the 16 bit "thinkingmachines/Inkling" on Hopper or later GPUs, or the quantized NVFP4 checkpoint "thinkingmachines/Inkling-NVFP4" on Blackwell Nvidia GPUs. Make sure to have the latest version of transformers (5.14.0 was released today) (pip install -U transformers).
\n\n = \n# model_id = "thinkingmachines/Inkling-NVFP4"\n\n = \nAfter initializing the pipeline, you can pass in the prompt as follows.
\n = \n = \n = \n\nGoing one level lower, you can use Auto classes. For inference, you can use the AutoModelForMultimodalLM class for models and AutoProcessor class for processors. For different reasoning tasks, the tokenizer takes in a reasoning_effort argument. Existing options for reasoning effort are "none", "minimal", "low", "medium", "high", "xhigh", and "max".
\n\n = \n = \n = \n\n = \n\n = \n\n = \n = \n\nFor multimodal inference, you can use the same classes. We provide example snippets for each different modality in the model card.
\nText with image inference
\n\n\n = \n = \n = \n\n = \n = \n\n = \n = .\n\n = \n = \n\n\nInkling also takes in audio input. Below is an example inference snippet, which still uses the same AutoModelForMultimodalLM class.
Text with audio inference
\n\n\n = \n\n = \n = \n\n = \n = \n\n = \n = .\n\n = \n = \n\n\nFor more realistic parallel deployment in a cluster of several nodes, please refer to the Slurm section below.
\nSGLang is one of the fastest deployment frameworks for Inkling at the time of release, as it includes a custom model implementation. The launch command below shards the model across 8 GPUs and serves an OpenAI-compatible API on port 30000.
\n\n\n\nMatch --tp-size to your GPU count. Add --mem-fraction-static (e.g. 0.85) if you need to leave more headroom for the KV cache.
vLLM is strong for production serving. A single vllm serve command downloads the weights from the Hub, shards the model across your GPUs with tensor parallelism, and starts an OpenAI-compatible server on port 8000. You can view the vLLM Recipe for the model here to customize to your hardware.
# Requires nightly or vllm>=0.26 (once released)\n\n\n\nIn practice, you might need multiple nodes and a distribution tool like SLURM (see below). Key parameters are --tensor-parallel-size to the number of GPUs on your node, and use --max-model-len to cap the context window if you hit KV-cache memory limits.
\nYou can infer with this model using several inference providers through Hugging Face. You can see all the code snippets to consume here. Below you can see how to use with the OpenAI client.
\n\n\n\n\n = \n\n = \n\n\nUsing the “:auto” suffix routes to your preferred provider in your settings; you can also use “cheapest” or “:fastest” as well. For this release, we cover the inference costs for 2 hours within the release for everyone.
Note: audio support in Inference Providers is work in progress and will be added shortly.
\nYou can use llama.cpp to run quantized versions of the model on limited hardware. Unsloth have quantized the model down to 1-bit precision, reducing VRAM consumption by 95% over the original model.
\nThis starts an OpenAI-compatible server running at http://localhost:8080/v1 that you connect to in your preferred tool or clients. Heading there, you can start chatting with the model, and set it up with your favorite MCPs, pass in images or files conveniently and more!
Llama cpp also ships with a built-in UI that supports tools, mcp, and agentic workloads. Checkout Inkling running at 1-bit precision in the llama app:
\nInkling GGUFs are also runnable in Unsloth Studio with dynamic 1-bit GGUFs which retain ~74.2% of top-1% accuracy whilst being 86% smaller.
\n![\"Inkling](\"https://huggingface.co/buckets/huggingface/inkling-blog-assets/resolve/unsloth.png\")
Pi is a minimal coding agent harness you can use with different language models. You can use Pi with either an inference engine server endpoint, such as llama.cpp, or with Inference Providers on Hugging Face by adding this to your ~/.pi/agent/models.json after installation.
\nThen you can start Pi in your project directory by calling pi and you’re good to go! In this demo, we give the model a hard math reasoning problem and it uses tools in pi to solve it.
![\"Visual](\"https://huggingface.co/buckets/huggingface/inkling-blog-assets/resolve/visual-reasoning.gif\")
Inkling is focused on broad multimodality reasoning and low token consumption, so try it out with document processing or audio tasks.
\nMTP adds extra layers to the model that predict several tokens at once, not just the next one. During inference, the extra layers act as “drafters” for speculative decoding, speeding up generation without compromising performance. With MTP, you get the exact same generated outputs, multipliers in generation speed-up at small memory cost in VRAM (due to serving the drafter). Thinking Machines also provides an MTP drafter with this release.
\n\n\n\n = \n = \n\n# Preprocess the inputs.\n...\n = \n\nWe have prepared a small suite of reasoning questions from expert-level sources and university entrance exams. We have taken photos of the screen with watermarks in the screenshot to challenge the model. The model has solved all of them on high one, failed one in highest and medium reasoning efforts, so we provide a link to the model answers for you to check out how the model sounds and provide the number of tokens the model has taken to solve each of them. Note that we provide no system prompts in these vibe evals, and these reasoning questions should often be run with a good system prompt. The vibe eval images and results live here.
\n| Category | \nQuestion | \nNumber of Tokens (Reasoning Effort Medium) | \nNumber of Tokens (Reasoning Effort High) | \nNumber of Tokens (Reasoning Effort Max) | \n
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Open-ended Drug Interactions | \nWhich components interact here? | \n1,893 ✅ | \n2,367 ✅ | \n3,688 ✅ | \n
| Physics Question (MMMU-Pro) | \nAnswer the question in the image. | \n1,357 ✅ | \n3,323 ✅ | \n3,314 ✅ | \n
| Multilingual Physics Question | \nAnswer the Turkish question given in the image. | \n1,435 ✅ | \n2,129 ✅ | \n3,162 ✅ | \n
| Bar Exam | \nAnswer the question in the image. | \n1,117 ✅ | \n2,137 ✅ | \n1,676 ✅ | \n
| Infographics Question Answering (Open-ended) | \nBased on the information presented, approximately how many times larger is the projected summer warming period in the Arctic than the time over which substantial Arctic warming has already been observed? | \n1,378 ❌ | \n3,859 ✅ | \n6000 (exceeded token budget) | \n
Few notes on vibes:
\nWe have vibe-evaluated the model on some audio reasoning examples from BigBenchAudio and a few multilingual audio examples of GlobeAudio (Russian and Chinese multi-choice questions asking the last word in transcription). The BigBenchAudio examples we tested consist of logical statements and questions that either ask for formal fallacies (whether an argument can be logically deduced from the context given in audio) or object counting (stating multiple distinctive objects in the audio, asking for the total count of a certain one). Although this benchmark is initially made for speech-to-speech reasoning, we just want to see audio reasoning capabilities of this model. For GlobeAudio, the questions are relatively straightforward, so we ran with reasoning efforts of 0.1. We ran the first example of each language within GlobeAudio. All tests pass on all questions and efforts, except for second formal fallacy example on lowest effort, so we only provide the number of tokens spent in each question against reasoning effort. Vibe eval results and audio files live here.
\n| GlobeAudio | \nQuestion | \nNumber of completion tokens (Reasoning effort lowest) | \nNumber of completion tokens (Reasoning effort medium) | \n
|---|---|---|---|
| Russian (asks for last word) | \nКакое последнее слово в аудиозаписи? 1. Россия 2. Свидетелем 3. Москва 4. Событий Choose the single correct option and answer with its exact text. | \n130 | \n179 | \n
| Russian (asks for profession of the speaker) | \nКем, скорее всего, работает говорящая? 1. Репортершей 2. Блоггершей 3. Учительницей истории 4. Ведущей развлекательного шоу Choose the single correct option and answer with its exact text. | \n105 | \n136 | \n
| Chinese (asks for speaking rate) | \n播报员的语速有何变化？ 1. 突然变快 2. 突然变慢 3. 保持不变 4. 时快时慢 Choose the single correct option and answer with its exact text. | \n111 | \n289 | \n
| Big Bench Audio | \nCompletion Tokens (lowest) | \nCompletion Tokens (medium) | \nNumber of completion tokens ( highest) | \n
|---|---|---|---|
| Formal Fallacy (10) | \n285 | \n335 | \n444 | \n
| Formal Fallacy (39) | \n275 (fails) | \n555 | \n778 | \n
| Object Counting (680) | \n150 | \n233 | \n161 | \n
Some notes on the vibes:
\nIf you would like to use Inkling for post-training, Thinking Machines have built tinker, a managed tool for post-training open weight models. Their cookbook includes examples for fine-tuning, distillation, and reinforcement learning.
We post trained Inkling with tinker and OpenEnv, an agentic RL environment tool. We used the ECHO algorithm that trains a model to predict the environment without a verifier, applying next-token cross-entropy loss to tokens produced by the environment, alongside the usual policy learning on agent actions. This teaches the policy an implicit world model without requiring a separate model, teacher, or additional rollouts. Check out the example.
\n![\"Inkling](\"https://huggingface.co/buckets/huggingface/inkling-blog-assets/resolve/trackio.png\")
RL Example with Tinker and OpenEnv
\ngit clone https://github.com/huggingface/OpenEnv.git\ncd OpenEnv\n\n# Add TINKER_API_KEY=... to .env, then run:\nuv run --env-file .env \\\n examples/echo_world_model/backends/tinker_echo_demo.py\nIf you’re working with Transformers Reinforcement Learning we suggest using Inkling as a teacher model in a knowledge distillation setup. For example, take advantage of Inkling’s document understanding abilities to improve the performance of a smaller (on-device) model. In this example, we use the transformer reinforcement learning library and the GOLD algorithm to distill knowledge. GOLD is handy here because it matches token logits between different tokenizers, so you can distill to any model on the hub.
\nBelow you can find each Inkling checkpoint as well as their VRAM requirements.
\n| Model Variant | \nAggregated VRAM | \nRecommended GPU Configurations | \nDeployment Notes | \n
|---|---|---|---|
| Inkling (BF16) | \n2 TB | \n• 8× NVIDIA B300 / GB200 • 16× NVIDIA H200 | \nFull precision deployment; requires multi-node interconnect for H200 clusters. | \n
| Inkling (NVFP4) | \n600 GB | \n• 4× NVIDIA B300 / GB200 (W4A4) • 8× NVIDIA H200 (W4A16) | \nW4A4 requires Blackwell architecture (SM100+). | \n
| Inkling-Small (BF16) | \n600 GB | \n• 4× NVIDIA B300 / GB200 (W4A4) • 8× NVIDIA H200 (W4A16) | \nDoes not require Blackwell architecture; easily deployed to 8× H200s. | \n
| Inkling-Small (NVFP4) | \n180 GB | \n• 1× NVIDIA B300 (W4A4) • 2× NVIDIA H200 (W4A16) | \nW4A4 supported on single Blackwell GPU; W4A16 supported on 2× H200s. | \n
To deploy Inkling on a cluster, we provide SLURM scripts serving with transformers API, as well as how to query the endpoint with different modalities. You can adapt these scripts to vLLM or SGlang by updating the commands. These scripts live here.
\n\nYou can deploy an Inkling-Small NVFP4 checkpoint using Inference Endpoints. We provide a pre-tested configuration to deploy it on 8 RTX PRO 6000s with an aggregated VRAM of·768 GB, giving large space for KV cache, costs $ 22 per hourly uptime (scales to zero when unused). To deploy, run hf endpoints catalog deploy --repo thinkingmachines/Inkling-Small-NVFP4 using the Hugging Face CLI or alternatively, head to https://endpoints.huggingface.co/new/thinkingmachines/Inkling-Small-NVFP4. With this setup, you can get 140 TPS (single user inference, prepared for multi-user support with continuous batching)
\nOnce the endpoint is up, you can query as follows.
\n\n| \n | \n | Inkling Small | \nInkling | \nNemotron 3 Ultra | \nKimi K2.5 | \nKimi K2.6 | \nGLM 5.2 | \nDeepSeek V4 Pro | \nGemini 3.1 Pro (high) | \nClaude Fable 5 (max) | \nGPT 5.6 Sol (xhigh) | \n
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reasoning | \n\n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n |
| \n | HLE (text only) | \n31.6% | \n29.7% | \n26.6% | \n29.4% | \n35.9% | \n40.1% | \n35.9% | \n44.7% | \n53.3% | \n47.2% | \n
| \n | HLE (with tools) | \n47.8% | \n46.0% | \n37.4% | \n50.2% | \n54.0% | \n54.7% | \n48.2% | \n51.4% | \n64.5% | \n55.0% | \n
| \n | AIME 2026 | \n95.5% | \n97.1% | \n94.2% | \n95.8% | \n96.4% | \n99.2% | \n96.7% | \n98.3% | \n– | \n99.9% | \n
| \n | GPQA Diamond | \n89.5% | \n87.2% | \n86.7% 0 | \n87.9% | \n91.1% | \n89.5% | \n88.8% | \n94.1% | \n92.6% | \n94.1% | \n
| Agentic (coding) | \n\n | \n | \n | \n | \n | 0 | \n\n | \n | \n | \n | \n |
| \n | SWEBench Verified | \n80.2% | \n77.6% | \n70.7% | \n76.8% | \n80.2% | \n– | \n80.6% | \n80.6% | \n95.0% | \n– | \n
| \n | SWEBench Pro (Public) | \n55.9% | \n54.3% | \n46.4% | \n50.7% | \n58.6% | \n62.1% | \n55.4% | \n54.2% | \n80.0% | \n64.6% | \n
| \n | Terminal Bench 2.1 (Best Harness) | \n64.69 | \n63.8 | \n56.4 | \n51.3 | \n71.3 | \n82.7 | \n64 | \n73.8 | \n84.6 | \n89.5 | \n
| \n | GDPVal-AA v2 | \n1269 | \n1233 | \n1164 | \n1009 | \n1190 | \n1514 | \n1307 | \n962 | \n1760 | \n1748 | \n
| Agentic (general) | \n\n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n |
| \n | MCP Atlas | \n79.2% | \n74.1% | \n44.7% | \n64.0% | \n68.1% | \n77.8% | \n73.2% | \n78.2% | \n83.3% | \n81.8% | \n
| \n | Tau 3 Banking | \n15.5% | \n23.7% | \n13.8% | \n13.2% | \n20.6% | \n26.8% | \n25.8% | \n16.5% | \n26.8% | \n33.0% | \n
| Factuality | \n\n | \n | 0 | \n\n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n |
| \n | BrowseComp (w/ Ctx) | \n77.4% | \n77.1% | \n– | \n74.9% | \n83.2% | \n– | \n83.4% | \n85.9% | \n88.0% | \n89.4% | \n
| \n | SimpleQA Verified | \n20.6% | \n43.9% | \n32.4% | \n36.9% | \n38.7% | \n38.1% | \n57.0% | \n77.3% | \n68.3% | \n71.6% | \n
| \n | AA Omniscience | \n-9 | \n1.0% | \n-1.0% | \n-8.0% | \n6.0% | \n4.0% | \n-10.0% | \n33.0% | \n40.0% | \n22.0% | \n
| Chat | \n\n | \n | \n | \n | 0 | \n\n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n |
| \n | IFBench | \n82.2% | \n79.8% | \n81.4% | \n70.2% | \n76.0% | \n73.3% | \n76.5% | \n77.1% | \n63.5% | \n72.7% | \n
| \n | Global-MMLU-Lite | \n86.7% | \n88.7% | \n85.6% | \n84.0% | \n88.4% | \n89.2% | \n89.3% | \n92.7% | \n93.3% | \n91.8% | \n
| Vision | \n\n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n | 0 | \n0 | \n\n | 0 | \n
| \n | MMMU Pro (Standard 10) | \n74.0% | \n73.3% | \n– | \n75.0% | \n79.0% | \n– | \n– | \n82.0% | \n84.2% | \n83.0% | \n
| \n | Charxiv RQ | \n77.4% | \n78.1% | \n– | \n77.5% | \n80.4% | \n– | \n– | \n80.2% | \n86.5% | \n84.7% | \n
| \n | Charxiv RQ (with python) | \n82.3% | \n82.0% | \n– | \n78.7% | \n86.7% | \n– | \n– | \n89.9% | \n89.4% | \n87.8% | \n
| Audio | \n\n | \n | \n | \n | \n | 0 | \n\n | \n | \n | \n | \n |
| \n | Audio MC | \n54.9% | \n56.6% | \n– | \n– | \n– | \n– | \n– | \n66.8% | \n– | \n– | \n
| \n | MMAU | \n77.0% | \n77.2% | \n– | \n– | \n– | \n– | \n– | \n82.5% | \n– | \n– | \n
| \n | VoiceBench | \n90.1% | \n91.4% | \n– | \n– | \n– | \n– | \n– | \n94.3% 0 | \n– | \n– | \n
| Safety | \n\n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n | 0 | \n\n | \n | \n | \n |
| \n | FORTRESS (Adversarial) | \n71.6% | \n78.0% | \n77.6% | \n54.1% | \n65.6% | \n71.3% | \n36.0% | \n65.2% | \n96.0% | \n82.4% stationary | \n
| \n | FORTRESS (Benign) | \n96.9% | \n95.9% | \n90.5% | \n98.3% | \n97.2% | \n90.0% | \n98.5% | \n98.0% | \n55.1% | \n98.1% | \n
| \n | StrongREJECT | \n98.4% | \n98.6% | \n98.7% | \n99.5% | \n99.8% | \n98.5% | \n98.6% | \n98.0% | \n98.7% | \n98.5% | \n